Site Investigation
A site investigation is a detailed study of a property's environmental condition, typically following a Phase I ESA that identified potential contamination. It involves sampling and analysis to characterize the nature and extent of contamination, assess risks to human health and the environment, and develop remediation strategies. Site investigations are governed by ASTM standards and state regulatory frameworks, and their findings drive regulatory decisions and property transaction values.
What It Involves
- Designing a sampling plan based on suspected contaminants, site geology, hydrogeology, and regulatory requirements — determining what to sample, where, how many samples, and what analytical methods to use
- Collecting soil, groundwater, and soil gas samples using appropriate field techniques and equipment, with careful attention to sample integrity and chain of custody
- Laboratory analysis against regulatory criteria, using EPA-approved analytical methods to quantify contaminant concentrations and compare against applicable cleanup standards
- Risk assessment and remediation planning that evaluates exposure pathways, calculates cleanup targets, and develops a remedial action plan that meets regulatory approval
- Geospatial analysis and contamination mapping that visualizes the extent and concentration of contamination in three dimensions
- Regulatory coordination including Data Evaluation Reports, Risk Assessment Reports, and Remedial Action Plans submitted to environmental agencies for review and approval
Why It Matters
Site investigations determine whether contamination exists, its extent, and the cost of cleanup. The results directly impact property values, transaction timelines, and remediation budgets. A well-executed investigation can save hundreds of thousands of dollars by accurately characterizing contamination and avoiding unnecessary remediation. Conversely, inadequate investigation can lead to surprises during cleanup that dramatically increase costs and timelines.
How FieldOS Helps
FieldOS supports site investigations by providing sampling plan templates, sample tracking from field to lab, and data visualization tools for mapping contamination extent. The platform maintains complete records of sampling activities, analytical results, and interpretation — creating a defensible data package for regulatory submissions. Investigation teams using FieldOS report 35% faster investigation timelines and improved data quality that reduces regulatory review cycles.
Frequently Asked Questions
How long does a typical site investigation take?
Site investigations typically take 2-6 months depending on site complexity, number of samples, and analytical requirements. Simple investigations with a few dozen samples may complete in weeks, while complex sites with hundreds of samples and multiple contamination pathways can take several months.
What determines the cost of a site investigation?
Costs are driven by site size, number and type of samples, analytical requirements, geologic complexity, and regulatory involvement. Simple investigations may cost $10,000-$30,000, while complex sites can exceed $100,000. FieldOS helps control costs by optimizing sampling plans and reducing administrative overhead.
What happens after the site investigation is complete?
After investigation, the results are compiled into a Data Evaluation Report and Risk Assessment submitted to the regulatory agency. If contamination exceeds cleanup standards, a Remedial Action Plan is developed. If levels are below standards, the site may receive a closure letter. FieldOS tracks all these milestones and maintains the documentation required for each regulatory step.